Christian Church And The Mormon Church - 1326 Words

Although The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS or Mormon Church) considers itself unequivocally as a Christian church, there are number major differences between traditional or mainstream Christians and the Mormon Church. This research paper primarily focuses on identifying major areas of differences between the mainstream branches of Christianity (Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant - as a group) and the Mormon Church. Origin Christianity traces its origin to Jerusalem in approximately 33 AD. However many of the laws and practices accepted and practiced by Christians were formally established by the Council of Nicea in 325 AD, and the First Council of Constantinople in 381 AD The Mormon Church traces its origin to the United States or the New World, where it was established in Fayette, New York in 1830. Founder Christians believe The Lord Jesus Christ is the founder of Christianity. Mormons believe Jesus Christ is the founder of the Christian Church; however, the Christian church fell into a state of apostasy and was reformed with the development of the Mormon Church. Who are they? The definition of Christianity is Disciple of Jesus Christ. Therefore, Christians are followers of Christ. Mormons consider themselves either the Latter-day Saints, Saints, or Mormon. The term Mormons refers to members of the LDS Church because of their belief in the Book of Mormon. The Trinity (1) Christians believe in One G-d inShow MoreRelatedAre Mormons Christians? Essay example1191 Words   |  5 PagesWorldwide, there are 14.1 million Mormons with 28, 660 congregations based in over 176 countries (â€Å"LDS Statistics and . . .). Despite this large amount of people, little is known about the LDS religion. As seen in recent events, people believe that Mormons are not Christians. However, Mormons are Christian based on their church’s name, scriptures, and teachings. According to Merriam Webster Dictionary, a Christian is somebody who believes in the teachings of Jesus Christ. As spoken of in The HolyRead MoreJoseph Smiths Contributions to the Development of Mormons775 Words   |  3 PagesMormons were created by Joseph Smith in 1820, when Smith was 14 and lived in New York. During that time God supposedly came to him and told him not to join any of the churches in his town. Instead God told Smith to start a new religion that was based on â€Å"One Lord, One Faith, and One Baptism†. God also said that no other churches were leading and teaching their people the right way, by God’s way. Smith believed that the figure speaking to him was God so he went out and began this new religion heRead MoreReligion : An Important Part Of Human Nature1318 Words   |  6 Pagesas well as how it differs from traditional religions such as Christianity. As with any religion, one of the most important pieces to learn is how the religion was created and who played an important part in doing so. Mormonism, also known as the Church of the Latter-Day Saints came about in 1830. Mormonism was founded by Joseph Smith, in the 19th century in Western New York. This was a major period of religious awakening for America. When Joseph was only 14 years old, he asked God for guidance,Read MoreThe Church Of Jesus Christ995 Words   |  4 PagesMormonism The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, as the Mormon Church is properly known, was founded in 1830 by Joseph Smith, Jr. Mormons assert that Jesus Christ appeared to Joseph Smith in 1820 with the express purpose of restoring His Church and gospel in its purity and fullness to the earth. The Mormon Church uses two sources as its primary authorities: the Book of Mormon and the Bible. The doctrine and covenants in the Pearl of Great Price are also viewed as divine authority. AccordingRead MoreWorld Religion: Mormons Essay example798 Words   |  4 PagesSince the mid 1800s, Mormons, or also referred to as the Latter-Day Saints, have been a thriving religion in the United States. Founded by Joseph smith in 1830, it has grown from a small group of outcasts to a significant size of nearly seven million followers. Joseph Smith was the first prophet and president of the Church of the Latter-Day Saints. After the murder of Joseph Smith in 1844, a man named Brigham Young migrated with bulk of the Mormons to Salt Lake City, Utah in 1847, where they madeRead MoreEssay on A Brief Biography of Joseph Smith1034 Words   |  5 Pagesleader who founded the modern day Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (LDS). This religious institution is based on Smiths visions and the followers of the LDS church are called Mormon’s. His vision was for the restoration of the early Christian church and a new way of life to live by. While Smith visions and ethics have been controversial at times, millions still follow his teachings and the religious culture he started in 1830. Today the Mormon Church has over 15 million followers andRead MoreReligions of the World Essay673 Words   |  3 PagesReligions of the World Since the creation of The Church of Jesus Christ of The Latter-Day Saints, there have been many controversies concerning the similarities and differences between Mormonism and Catholicism, Christianity and Protestantism. Other than the obvious, that Catholicism, Christianity and Protestantism believe that there are no more prophets, and Mormons believe that there are still prophets walking the earth today, differences between the faiths range inRead MoreMormonism: Exploring the Beliefs of Mormons and Christians Essay750 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction How does Mormonism, more formally known as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, compare to Biblical Christianity? Is it different? If so, what about it is different? Are Mormons considered Christians? This paper is going to explore these questions about Mormonism. In 2007 there were over 13 million Mormons worldwide, there are approximately 6 million Mormons in the United States. Mormonism is â€Å"the fastest and most successful cult in the history of the United States†¦an averageRead MoreThe Islam And The Muslim Community1651 Words   |  7 Pagesshifting their individual groups to the background. Mormons and other forms of Christianity According to Mormonism, Jesus Christ appeared to Joseph Smith directly and in form of scripture. His actions justified his desire to restore the church he had previously created. Most Mormons have considered themselves to be Christians since its beginning in the 1820s. Most Christians, however, characterize them as a corruption of Christianity. Mormons have adopted many of the beliefs encountered in ChristianityRead MoreReligious and Ethnic Diversity863 Words   |  4 PagesYork (The Church Of Jesus Christ Of Latter-Day Saints,  2013). Mormonism originated in the 1820s, as described by the Church’s website, when Joseph Smith Jr. was confused and frustrated by the various Christian religions and was unable to choose one to follow. He turned to the Bible, which told him to ask God when he lacked wisdom. So he prayed to God, and was visited by the Heavenly Father and his Son, Jesus Christ. According to one of the members of the governing body of The Church of Jesus Christ

False Doctrine And Its Effect On The Church - 1612 Words

When one reads through the New Testament it is easily seen that false doctrine was a prevalent problem in the first century. There are several instances where brethren were warned about it infiltrating the church. Sadly, this dilemma still exists today and we are to be equally concerned with it. One of the false doctrines that came about in the second century is known as premillennialism. It went away for a period of time but was revived and now has a great following (Eschatology-Robert Stapleton). The importance of understanding premillennialism cannot be underestimated by the church. Jude 3 states that the church is to contend earnestly for the faith. This means that the church must take premillennialism seriously. The church must understand what premillennialists believe and why it is false in it s teachings. This paper will briefly examine premillennialism to give the reader a better understanding of what is it and why it is wrong. What is premillennialism? Foy E. Walla ce s definition of premillennialism is Pre means before, millennial means 1,000, ism means there isn t anything to it anyhow. According to the Valley church of Christ, premillennialism is The belief that the kingdom of God involves a literal millennial reign of Christ upon earth. Then follows the Final Judgment. There are several different beliefs within this false doctrine. However, the major belief or division within premillenialism is known as dispensational premillennialism.Show MoreRelatedThe Earthly Ministry Of Jesus Christ779 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the earthly ministry of Jesus Christ, the Bible shows He prayed that His followers would testify of Him to the world. In American Protestant Theology: A Historical Sketch, by Luigi Giussani and Sandro Chierici, they articulated that â€Å"the church is the means whereby Christ continues to be present, educating believers and unbelievers as to his reality as to how he is the answer to all their concerns.† The followers’ interpretation of Biblical convictions has separated them, rather than uniteRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The Trinity1670 Words   |  7 PagesSince the Nicene Council church patriarchs and theologians have toiled to communicate the principle of the Trinity as a doctrine in the Christian church. Our class readings from Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, Karl Barth, and Elizabeth Tanner reveal the necessity for discussion about the trinity to evolve throughout the last 1500 years of Christian theology in order for the doctrine to be modernized to the lexical and social understanding of contemporary Christians. Although Augustine may be one of theRead MoreGalileo1646 Words   |  7 Pagesobjects in the universe obeyed. It was at this time, Galileo began to express openly his support of the Copernican theory that the earth and planets revolved around the sun and this was a direct challenge to the doctrine of Aristotle and the established order set by the Catholic Church. In July of 1609 Galileo learned that a Dutch optician, named Lippershey, had produced an instrument by which the apparent size of remote objects was magnified, Galileo at once realized the principle of how suchRead MoreSaint Thomas Aquinas Essay1591 Words   |  7 PagesAquinas I chose to write about Saint Thomas Aquinas because I have heard of his life and found it interesting. There was also a large pool of knowledge to research from, about Saint Thomas Aquinas. I also knew he is called Doctor of the church and I wanted to learn more about that. I was interested in Saint Thomas Aquinas because he was misunderstood by his peers and was also called the Dumb Ox. I wanted to understand how someone can be so misunderstood stood and be a brilliantRead MoreConstantine and His Effect on Christianity1518 Words   |  7 PagesConstantine and his effect on Christianity When we look back at Christianity over the years, there are several people who are remembered for their impact on the religion. The first most important figure was Jesus Christ. However, if we travel forward a bit, into the 4th Century we come across Constantine. Historians agree that Constantine served as an important component in the spread of Christianity. Although he spread the religion in a massive way, others wonder if his methods were more harmfulRead More The Life of Galileo and the Effects of his Findings on Faith1719 Words   |  7 PagesThe Life of Galileo and the Effects of his Findings on Faith Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa, February 18, 1564. At an early age, Galileo was interested in mathematics and the study of mechanics. His father, a onetime mathematician, pushed him towards the medical profession, which held much greater financial benefits. But the attempts of Galileo’s father were in vein as Galileo soon discovered the works of Archimedes and became extremely interested. Thus, his father reluctantly allowedRead MorePauls letter to the Galatians Essay1103 Words   |  5 Pagesauthorship: II Thessalonians; (3) letters that were not actually written by Paul but were developed from his thought: Colossians and Ephesians; (4) letters that bear Pauls name but clearly come from another time and different set of circumstances in the church: I and II Timothy and Titus (the so-called Pastoral Letters); (5) a letter not bearing Pauls name and which evidences a wholly different thought and religious vocabulary from that of Paul: the Letter to the Hebrews (Kee, 5th Ed. 224). GalatiaRead MoreHow Science And Religion Dynamically Work852 Words   |  4 Pages† What happens when science and religion clash in a fiery battle of interpretations? In Waking Life Sister John suffers an internal battle between fact and faith, and attempts to discern between a powerful religious experience and the mere side effects of an epileptic disorder. However, instead of separating the two, she mediates by allowing â€Å"science† to deny her of what she had been experiencing without giving up her faith in God. In this essay, I will take a stance that explains how science andRead MoreHuman Side Of A Devil1344 Words   |  6 Pagesspend hours on a cell phone playing games or on twitter without even noticing the world around you, this is especially important to overcome. However, even Screwtape admits that once a person is through the disappointment of the human side of the church, we â€Å"become much less dependent on emotion and therefore much harder to tempt .† Whenever a person argues, they think a lot about both sides of the argument. This is particularly risky for a devil because if we see God’s side of the argument, we couldRead More Abortion Essay - The Church Was Pro-Choice1132 Words   |  5 PagesThe Church Until Recently Was Pro-Choice      Ã‚   From a sermon delivered on February 15, 1998 at the Unitarian Universalist Church of Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, by the Rev. Elaine Gallagher Gehrmann:    Most of us know that the Roman Catholic church teaches that life begins at conception, and yet most of us dont know that this is a relatively recent change. It wasnt until 1869 that Pope Pius IX decreed that ensoulment takes place at conception. Up until then, the Catholic church had

Epoxy Resin Free Essays

string(37) " no diffraction peaks of GOFO at 10\." Epoxy resin is a type of thermosetting polymer, commercially available in different forms, has a wide range of application in aerospace, coating, electric insulation and marine application due to its outstanding performances, easy handling and low cost [1-5]. Epoxy high inner stress, brittle texture, inferior impact resistance, weak creep resistance and poor moisture resistance, limited its application in other industrial areas [6]. So, the epoxy was mixed with polymers[7], clays, metal [8], carbon nanotube [9], graphene[10], and graphene oxide[11] to overcome its limitations. We will write a custom essay sample on Epoxy Resin or any similar topic only for you Order Now Graphene oxide (GO) is a graphite derivative that produced through oxidation of graphite using various methods. Graphene oxide is a 2D sheet with oxygen functional at the surface (hydroxyl, carbonyl, and epoxide) and (carboxyl) at its edge [12,13]. Graphene oxide is a promising material as polymer reinforcement, due to its high mechanical properties[14], excellent thermal stability[15], and good insulation properties [16]. Moreover, graphene oxide high surface area, high aspect ratio, excellent sheet flexibility, reactivity sites, and good dispersion in most common solvent favored its use a composites material for polymeric material. The Graphene oxide tends to improve the mechanical properties, thermal stability, insulator, and dielectric properties of the various commercial epoxy resin. However, Graphene oxide sheets tend to aggregate either by Van der Waals force or ?-? stacking interaction, which would decrease the improvement effects of graphene sheets in epoxy matrix [17]. Therefore, graphene oxide was modified either through covalent bonds or by ?-? interaction to reduce these aggregation phenomena and enhanced epoxy properties. For instance, Wan et al improved epoxy tensile strength and modulus by 75% and 15% through mixing epoxy with graphene oxide modified with DGEBA (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A) [18].Also, Liu et al enhanced epoxy glass temperature and tensile strength by 26oC and 31% using grafted graphene oxide [5]. Sharmila et al prepared Graphene oxide modified with iron oxide nanoparticles, they epoxy composites shown improvements in the tensile, impact, and fracture strength [19]. Fluorinated polymer is polymer contain carbon-fluorine bonds and they has been applied in many domestic and industrial application due there excellent thermal stability, anti-chemical corrosion, weathering resistance, high dielectric conductivity, and low surface energy [20-22]. However, the high market price of the fluoropolymers and poor miscibility in epoxy resin restricted their applications [23]. Thermal stability, roughness, and corrosion resistance were improved for epoxy resin modified with a fluorinated polymer [24-27]. The fluorine atoms reduced the crosslinking density of the epoxy resin and fluoropolymer, reducing the mechanical properties of the epoxy [28]. The grafting of the fluorinated polymer into carbon base material such as carbon nanotube, fluorinated graphene, and fluorinated graphite may combine the excellent properties of carbon base material and fluorine group’s properties. The miscibility was improved with enhancement of the mechanical properties, thermal stability, surface properties, and electric properties. Yang and coworkers grafted fluorinated polymer on reduced graphene oxide coated with dopamine. The modified graphene showed excellent dispersion in the ferroelectric polymer matrix with good high dielectric constant and low dielectric loss [29].Que et al modified epoxy resin (DGEBA) with trifluoromethyl containing polyimide structures. Compared with neat epoxy, they found that the modified epoxy shown better thermal stability with 18 to 55 % char yield at 800 0C, water contact angle (94.9–105.0 °), higher toughness, and lower water absorption (0.47–0.95 %). The tensile shear of modified epoxy was lower than the neat epoxy, the fluorine groups decreased epoxy surface energy which further reduced the adhesion strength compared with unmodified epoxy [7]. In this work, graphene oxide was modified with Hexadecafluoro (1, 10) decanediol through one-step reaction. Modified graphene oxide was mixed with epoxy resin in various loading. Then, the mechanical properties, thermal stability, water contact angle water uptake, and alkaline corrosion resistance were examined for epoxy composites. Results and Discussion:   The surface functionalization of GO was confirmed by FTIR, XRD, XPS, Raman spectroscopy, and TGA. Fig. (1) shows the FTIR spectrum of GO and GOFO. For GO typical peaks were observed at 3390 cm-1 (stretching vibration of C-OH), 1041 cm-1 (stretching vibration of C-O), 1374 cm-1 (deformation vibration of C-OH), 1261 cm-1 and 877 cm-1 (stretching vibration of C-O-C), and 1734cm-1 (stretching vibration of C=O). The peak at 1619 cm-1 is attributed to the skeletal vibration of the graphitic of GO [30]. After reaction with FO new peaks appeared. The peaks at 1178 cm-1 (stretching vibration of C-F) [31], at 2966 cm-1 (bending stretching of C-H), and at 1441 cm-1 (stretching vibration of C-H) from the perfluoro compound. The peak at 1080 cm-1 was related to stretching vibration of ester bond C-O-C. These results indicated that FO was successfully grafted onto GO surface.The XRD patterns of Graphite, GO, and GOFO was shown in Fig. (2) and the interlayer distance was calculated using Bragg equation. Pristine graphite is shown a typical peak at 26.410 with an interlayer spacing of 0.337 nm [32]. This peak shifted to 11.020 (corresponding to an interlayer space of 0.802 nm) after graphite was oxidized to GO, that was due to the formation of oxygen-containing functional groups on a graphite oxide surface and water molecules trapped between the layers [33]. The functionalization of GO with FO shifted the peak from 11.020 to 10.080 (corresponding to an interlayer space of 0.676nm), suggested that GO was modified with FO. Another broad diffraction peak was observed at 22.760, which suggests the formation of few layers of reduced graphite oxide. To further study the structural differences between graphite, GO, and GOFO, the graphitic crystal size was calculated using Sheerer equation and the number of layers was calculated based on crystal size. Graphite had a large crystal size of 21.28nm with 63-64 graphene layers. After oxidation to GO, the crystal size decreased to 10.92nm and the number of layers decreased to 10-11 graphene layers. The crystal size of GOFO was 3.78nm with 5 -6 layers of the modified graphene sheet. In order to study the exfoliation of GOFO into the epoxy matrix, the XRD patterns of EGOFO composites and neat epoxy were investigated as shown in Fig. (3). For neat epoxy, two broads peaks centered at ?70 and ?180 were observed due to the amorphous nature of neat epoxy. All Epoxy composites show the same characteristic diffraction peak as neat epoxy and no diffraction peaks of GOFO at 10. You read "Epoxy Resin" in category "Papers"080 and 22.760 were observed [34]. That’s confirmed that GOFO was highly exfoliated into the epoxy matrix. Although, the highly exfoliated level of GOFO sheets in the epoxy matrix cannot represent a good dispersion was obtained in the epoxy composites [35]. The thermographic analysis in Fig. (4) represents the thermal stability of GO and GOFO under a nitrogen atmosphere. Graphene oxide shows 8.404% weight loss between 50 0C -100 0C, due to evaporation of residual water trapped between the layers. A significant weight loss of 29.53% was observed between 100 0C – 250 0C, that’s due to decomposition of labile oxygen functional groups to H2O, CO, and CO2 [22,10].Compared to GO, GOFO was more stable with 3.48% weight loss was observed between 50 0C -100 0C can be assigned to evaporate of residual water trapped between the layers, which was lower than GO. Between 100 0C – 250 0C, 8.18% weight loss was found due to decomposition of the reaming oxygen functional groups. Then, 12.44% weight loss was observed between 250 0C – 550 0C, that can be assigned to the decomposition of the bond between GO and perfluoro compound. In addition, compared with 48.59% weight loss at 700 0C for GO, GOFO undergoes 20.83% weight loss. The above data can be due to GO, bosses high amount of oxygenated functional groups, while GOFO possesses low oxygenated functional groups due to functionalization by FO. The above results confirmed that GOFO was more stable than GO.Raman spectroscopy was applied to explore the structural variations between GO and GOFO. Generally, the graphitic material shows two characteristic peaks, the G peak (~1575 cm?1) arises from first-order scattering of the E2g photon of sp2 C atoms and the D peak (~1350 cm?1) from a breathing mode of ?-point photons of A1g symmetry. Also, the intensity ratio ID/IG can be used to evaluate the graphitization degree of the graphitic material, the lower value represented a high degree of graphitization [30]. Fig. (5) shows Raman spectrum results of GO and GOFO. The G and D bands of GO were located at 1599.9 and 1357 cm-1 receptivity, as reported in previous reports [30,36,37]. After functionalization with FO, the G band was shifted to a lower wavelength at 1589 cm-1, no obvious changes were observed for the D band. In addition, the ID/IG intensity ratio of GO increases from 0.96 to 1.062 for GOFO. The changes in the intensity ratio imply that GOFO of graphene structure was restored, which can be due to the removal of oxygen functional groups. The GO and GOFO were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the results are shown in Fig. (5) and the elemental analysis is tabulated in Table (1). The GO broad spectrum shows two peaks at binding energies around 286.1 eV and 532.4 eV, which were assigned to C1s and O1s, respectively. The atomic composition of graphene oxide was obtained from XPS broad spectrum and revealed the presence of carbon (71.88%) and oxygen (28.12%). In contrast, the GOFO broad spectrum displayed three peaks at binding energies around 286.1 eV, 532.4 eV, and 686 eV, they can be assigned to C1s, O1s, and F1s respectively. The atomic composition of GOFO obtained from the broad spectrum shown the existence of carbon (71.66%), oxygen (27.34%), and fluorine (1%). The carbon-to-oxygen ratio increased from 1.6 for GO to 2.6 for GOFO, due to functionalization with FO. The C1s XPS spectrum of GO and GOFO are shown in Fig. (6). The C1s spectra can be decomposed into four characteristic peaks: C=C/C-C (non-oxygenated carbon, 284.5 eV), C-OH/C-O-C (hydroxyl, epoxy, and 286eV), C=O (carbonyl, 286.8 eV), and COOH (carboxyl, 288.9 eV) [38]. In comparison, the decomposed C1s spectrum of GOFO shows additional peaks at 287.02eV, 290 eV, and 292 eV, assigned to -C-O- (ether bond), C-F (fluorine), and C-F2 (fluorine) respectively[39]. As shown in Fig. (5), compared with XPS C1s spectrum of GO (Fig. (6)), the peak intestines of C-O and C-O-C were significantly decreased, new peaks appeared. The above results indicated the attachment of FO to graphene oxide surfaces via the reaction with hydroxyl groups of FO with C-O groups on the GO surfaces [40]. As shown in the SEM images of EGOFO composites, the GOFO sheets were well dispersed in the epoxy matrix. GOFO nano-sheets were surrounded tightly by epoxy resin, which indicates a good interfacial interaction between GOFO and the epoxy matrix. Such good interfacial bonding improves the stress transfer from the epoxy matrix to the GOFO nano-sheet and thus enhanced the mechanical properties of epoxy composites. However, due to the presence of incompatible fluorine groups on the GOFO, micro-voids can be observed and such voids could enhance crack initiation which leads to decrease the mechanical properties of epoxy composites[41]. SEM analysis of epoxy composites: The SEM images of epoxy and epoxy composites at fracture site after the tensile test are shown in Fig. (7). The images were used to examine the dispersion and the compatibility of GOFO in the epoxy matrix. Fig. (7a,b) shows neat epoxy exhibited relatively smooth surface with a river-like pattern in the fracture direction, confirmed the brittle nature of epoxy [42]. In contrast epoxy composites displayed rougher, fluctuant surfaces with GOFO nano-sheet pulled out of the epoxy matrix Fig. (7 c,e). Also, epoxy composites SEM images shown that GOFO nano-sheets were well dispersed in the epoxy matrix, a well interfacial interaction between the nano-sheets and epoxy composites Fig. (7 d,f). The good interfacial bonds can effectively transfer the stresses from the epoxy matrix to the GOFO nano-sheets and thus enhanced the mechanical properties of epoxy composites [41]. However, several micro-voids can be observed in all epoxy composites that can be due to the presence of fluorine groups. The low compatibility between the epoxy resin and fluorine groups caused the appearances of micro-voids. Cracks can initiate easily in the micro-voids, then spread through epoxy composites reducing epoxy composites strength. Mechanical properties of epoxy composites: Tensile test:The tensile test was conducted to investigate the effects of GOFO on the epoxy resin performance. Fig. (8) shows the stress-strain curves of neat and epoxy composites, and the results were summarized in table (2). The tensile modulus of pure epoxy was 471 MPa and its changes to 486 MPa (increased by 3.2 % with 0.1 wt. %), 507 MPa (increased by 7.6 % with 0.3wt. %), and 530 MPa (increased by 12.52 % with 0.5 wt. %). The highest tensile modulus was 12.52% compared to neat epoxy corresponding to 0.5% GOFO loading. The increase in the tensile modulus was due to the good dispersion and interfacial interaction between the GOFO and epoxy matrix. That’s led to the good transfer of stress from the matrix to GOFO sheets. However, the tensile strength decreased by 18.35%, 22.15%, and 20.25% with 0.1 wt. %, 0.3 wt. %, and 0.5 wt. %. GOFO loading. The formation of micro-voids between the GOFO sheets in the epoxy matrix due to incompatibility between GOFO sheet and epoxy system due to the presence of fluorine groups. Fracture test:  Ã‚  The effects of GOFO loading on the fracture properties are shown in Table (2) and the stress-strain curves of fracture analysis were shown in Fig. (9). EGOFO composites shown a battened in the fracture modulus and strength to those of neat epoxy upon different loading. The fracture modulus was 1510MPa for neat epoxy. With 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 wt. % loading of FO, the fracture modulus increased to 2340 ±17.61 MPa, 2324 ±73.5 MPa, and 2450 ±45 MPa respectively, these were 54.97, 53.84, and 62.85% respectively. However, for fracture strength, it’s behaved differently with increasing GOFO concentration. The fracture strength decreased by 13.12% with the addition of 0.1 wt.% GOFO loading and then increased to 13.61% and 16.98% with 0.3 wt.% and 0.5 wt.% GOFO loading respectively. The increase in the fracture modulus and strength can be attributed to improvement in the interfacial interaction between the GOFO and epoxy matrix. That’s allowed better load transfer from the epoxy matrix to the GOFO sheets, which increased both fracture modulus and strength. Thermal stability of epoxy composites:The Thermal stability of the GOFO nanocomposites was investigated by TGA as shown in Fig. (10) and Table (3).T10% and T50% are the temperature of sample weight loss reached 10% and 50 % respectively. Tdec is the sample decomposition temperature. All the specimens showed similar thermal degradation behavior with main weight loss between 3500C to 4500C. They exhibited different weight loss during the onset decomposition stages as shown in the enlarged window. The incorporation of GOFO significantly enhanced the thermal stability of epoxy composites in different trends. Epoxy composite 0.3 wt. % GOFO loading has a higher T5%, T50%, and Tdec compared with other epoxy composites. The T5% and T50% increased by ?13 and ?150C respectively based on pure epoxy. The Tdec increased by ?13 with the same loading compared to pure epoxy. According to the literate, there are two factors effects on the thermal stability of polymer composites: the formation of networks via covalent linkages between them and the crosslinking density [43,44]. The existence of the oxygen functional groups at the edge and the surface of the GOFO, can react with the epoxy resin and increased the crosslinking of the composites. The XRD data showed that GOFO doesn’t have a uniform crystal shape compared to graphite, that makes the GOFO has a poor thermal conductivity. Therefore, with good dispersion of GOFO, it will act as a barrier and reduce the thermal conductivity of the epoxy composites [44]. Water uptake epoxy composites:The influences of water absorbed by the polymeric material can be significantly reduced by incorporating nano-size fillers into polymers [45,46].The water uptake of neat epoxy and its composites filled with GOFO were shown in Fig. (11). The addition of GOFO nano-fillers significantly decreased the amount of water absorbed by epoxy composites. The water uptake by neat epoxy was 0.432%, which decreased to 0.317% , 0.304% , and 0.308% for epoxy composites with 0.1wt.% , 0.3wt.% , and 0.5 wt.% GOFO loading respectively. this phenomenon implied that the addition of nano-size sheet with high aspect ratio provided tortuous pathways for water molecules to enter the epoxy composites and acted as a barrier water transportation through epoxy composites [47]. Another reason can be due to the hydrophobic nature of fluorine groups on GOFO, which can immobilized water molecules and prevented it from diffusion in epoxy matrix[47]. The hydrophobic behavior of GOFO composites:Fig. (12). Shown the air/water contact angle of pure epoxy and its composites. The measurement was performed at room temperature with three repetitions for each sample. From Fig. (12), the incorporation of GOFO increased the contact angle of all epoxy composites. The contact angle increased from 68.70 o  ± 1.73 for the pure epoxy to 83.53 o  ± 1.13 for 0.1 wt. % GOFO, 98.65 o  ± 2.49 for 0.3 wt. % GOFO, and 89.22 o ± 0.70 for 0.5 wt. % GOFO. The changes in the contact angle indicate that epoxy composites show more hydrophobic effects compared to pure epoxy [48]. The GOFO tends to immigrate to the surface of epoxy, due to the low surface energy of the fluorine atoms. They altered the surface energy and increased the hydrophobicity of the epoxy surface. But, with 0.5 wt. % GOFO loading, the contact angle decreased to 89.22 o ± 0.70, the aggregated GOFO nano-sheet at the surface can slightly reduce the polarity of the surface and increased the effects of the reaming oxygenated function groups of the graphene sheet. How to cite Epoxy Resin, Papers

Research and Evaluation in Education and Psychology

Question: Discuss about the Research and Evaluation in Education and Psychology. Answer: Introduction: Registered nurses who are having postgraduate degrees have put the research paper forward. Two of them are doctorates and all are researching and working in Universities in the nursing sector. The qualifications show that the authors are qualified to carry out such researches. Thai Health Promotion Foundation for Research has provided funds for this study. The PLWHA has given their time to assist with the completion of the questionnaires. The title is concise, focused and clearly describes the purpose of the study. However, it has the scope of being more indicative and clear. The actual variables are missing in the title, even though the nature is indicated. It could have been more indicative concerning less aware readers. The provided abstract is a good introduction to the study. However, hypothesis is missing from it. The abstract consists of the study summary, research tools used, results and conclusions of the findings. The abstract makes it clear for the readers to identify with the topic relevancy. In the article, the introduction and literature review are adjoined, which is common in such studies. The introduction portion has been used to contextualize the issue in the research and the importance of it, concerning the influence of the disease on human lives. Treatment changes and developments, the disease and its impact, self-care policies, symptom management and treatment were discussed. However, more detailed critical analysis was required, with wider range of research for evaluation of its quality. Hypotheses and Research Questions No hypothesis was stated, but research question was put forward. The approach of the research is undefined. Focus has been mostly on the instruments and the quality rests on the approach and instruments. Participant selection was not elaborated upon, which is a limitation. Size was mentioned, but the process of their determination was overlooked, which is also a limitation. Data-Collection Methods Data collection methods are not addressed properly, which could pose problems for replication and rigor. Administering of the questionnaires is unknown, which is a problem of the studys reporting. Data collection instruments used in the study is its strength, along with the detailing and accounted provenance. The questionnaires used are detailed and their sources mentioned. The tools are validated and augment the quality of the research. Sample demographics are partially addressed and multiple tools help advancing the article. Statistical analysis was performed via SPSS and LISREL. Statistics were less detailed, even though use of multivariate analysis was described clearly. The results are presented in the forms of tables, diagrams and immense detailing. Data presentation are summarized as results and elaborated in discussion. Although the findings are not accessible, values are clear. Lack of detailing in samples and selection procedure restrict eradication of doubts about outcomes, even though authors knowledge is believable. Discussion is balanced, detailed and integrated with numerous data collection instruments. Other research studies were related with resulting in congruence. Limitations are acknowledged, implications are separated. Conclusions Conclusion supports obtained results, even though it is not detailed. Social support for HRQL was recommended, along with others for improving care of the patients, keeping in mind consistency of the study. Bibliography Creswell, J. W. (2013).Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Mertens, D. M. (2014).Research and evaluation in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. Sage publications. Punch, K. F. (2013).Introduction to social research: Quantitative and qualitative approaches. Sage. Tangkawanich, T., Yunibhand, J., Thanasilp, S., Magilvy, K. (2008). Causal model of health: Health?related quality of life in people living with HIV/AIDS in the northern region of Thailand.Nursing health sciences,10(3), 216-221.